Espiritu Santo de Zuniga or Cant Boil Water

Espiritu Santo de Zuniga: A Frontier Mission in South Texas

Author: Tamra Lynn Walter

In the early part of the eighteenth century, the Spanish colonial mission Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga was relocated from far south Texas to a site along the Guadalupe River in Mission Valley, Victoria County. This mission, along with a handful of others in south Texas, was established by the Spaniards in an effort to Christianize and civilize the local Native American tribes in the hopes that they would become loyal Spanish citizens who would protect this new frontier from foreign incursions.

With written historical records scarce for Espíritu Santo, Tamra Walter relies heavily on material culture recovered at this site through a series of recent archaeological investigations to present a compelling portrait of the Franciscan mission system. By examining findings from the entire mission site, including the compound, irrigation system, quarry, and kiln, she focuses on questions that are rarely, if ever, answered through historical records alone: What was daily life at the mission like? What effect did the mission routine have on the traditional lifeways of the mission Indians? How were both the Indians and the colonizers changed by their frontier experiences, and what does this say about the missionization process?

Walter goes beyond simple descriptions of artifacts and mission architecture to address the role these elements played in the lives of the mission residents, demonstrating how archaeology is able to address issues that are not typically addressed by historians. In doing so, she presents an accurate portrait of life in South Texas at this time. This study of Mission Espíritu Santo will serve as a model for research atsimilar early colonial sites in Texas and elsewhere.

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Can't Boil Water

Author: House of Walls

CAN'T BOIL WATER

Can't Boil Water? It's easy; just take a look through the pages of this cookbook for the Can't Boil Water tips as well as the extra pages explaining cooking terms, pan sizes, and how to use herbs in cooking (see the Cooking Tips section of the index on pages 198 to 200). We hope that all cooks will find that the recipes here are completed with ease and that every recipe will be a success for their family and friends to enjoy.